Ancient humans could do some impressive things with elephant bones.Ìę
In a new study, University of Colorado Boulder archaeologist Paola Villa and her colleagues surveyed tools excavated from a site in Italy where large numbers of elephants had died. The team discovered that humans at this site roughly 400,000 years ago appropriated those carcasses to produceÌęan unprecedented array of bone toolsâsome crafted with sophisticated methods that wouldnât become common for another 100,000 years.Ìę
âWe see other sites with bone tools at this time,â said Villa, an adjoint curator at the CU Boulder Museum of Natural History. âBut there isnât this variety of well-defined shapes.â
Villa and her colleagues this month in the journal PLOS ONE.
The study zeroes in on a site called Castel di Guido not far from modern-day Rome. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, it was the location of a gully that had been carved by an ephemeral streamâan environment where 13-foot-tall creatures called straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) quenched their thirst and, occasionally, died.Ìę
Castel di Guidoâs hominids made good use of the remains, occupying the site off and on over the years. The researchers report that these Stone Age residents produced tools using a systematic, standardized approach, a bit like a single individual working on a primitive assembly line.Ìę
âAt Castel di Guido, humans were breaking the long bones of the elephants in a standardized manner and producing standardized blanks to make bone tools,â Villa said. âThis kind of aptitude didnât become common until much later.â
Stone Age toolbox
These feats of ingenuity came at a significant time for hominids in general.
Right around 400,000 years ago, Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) were just beginning to emerge in Europe. Villa suspects that Castel di Guidoâs residents were Neanderthals.Ìę
âAbout 400,000 years ago, you start to see the habitual use of fire, and itâs the beginning of the Neanderthal lineage,â Villa said. âThis is a very important period for Castel di Guido.â
It may have been a productive one, too. In their new study, Villa and her colleagues identified 98 bone tools from Castel di Guido, which was excavated from 1979 to 1991. The findings representÌęthe highest number of flaked bone tools made by pre-modern hominids that researchers have described so far. That rich toolbox offered a wide range of useful items: Some tools were pointed and could, theoretically, have been used to cut meat. Others were wedges that may have been helpful for splitting heavy elephant femurs and other long bones.Ìę
âFirst you make a groove where you can insert these heavy pieces that have a cutting edge,â Villa said. âThen you hammer it, and at some point, the bone will break.â
But one tool stood out from the rest: The team discovered a single artifact carved from a wild cattle bone that was long and smooth at one end. It resembles what archaeologists call a âlissoir,â or a smoother, a type of tool that hominids used to treat leather. The curious thing: Lissoir tools didnât become common until about 300,000 years ago.
âAt other sites 400,000 years ago, people were just using whatever bone fragments they had available,â Villa said.
Useful finds
Something special, in other words, seemed to be happening at the Italian site.Ìę
Villa doesnât think that the Castel di Guido hominids were any more intelligent than their counterparts elsewhere in Europe. Instead, these early humans simply usedÌęthe resources they had lying around. She explained that this region of Italy doesnât have a lot of naturally-occurring, large pieces of flint, so ancient humans couldnât make many large stone tools.Ìę
What the region might have had a lot of, however, were dead elephants. As the Stone Age progressed, straight-tusked elephants slowly disappeared from Europe. During the era of Castel di Guidoâs bone-crafters, these animals may have flocked to watering holes at the site, occasionally dyingÌęfrom natural causes. Humans then found the remains and butchered them for their long bones.Ìę
âThe Castel di Guido people had cognitive intellects that allowed them to produce complex bone technology,â Villa said. âAt other assemblages, there were enough bones for people to make a few pieces, but not enough to begin a standardized and systematic production of bone tools.â
Other coauthors of the new study include Giovanni Boschian and Daniela SaccĂ of the University of Pisa in Italy; Luca Pollarolo of the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa; Fabrizio Marra of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Italy; and Sebastien Nomade and Alison Pereira of the University of Paris-Saclay in France.